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Joy Rankin’s A People’s History of Computing in the United States (2018) centers on the role of computing in K–12 schools rather than universities. In that sense, Driscoll’s book can be read alongside two others. Driscoll, a professor of media studies at the University of Virginia, is part of a group of historians challenging the dominant account of the Internet’s evolution and, in the process, questioning whose values and motivations have shaped its development. It is accurate yet also deeply incomplete, as Kevin Driscoll argues in his new book, The Modem World. This standard history is well documented it was passed around the early Internet in ASCII text files and has been enshrined in thousands of webpages, introductory chapters, and Wikipedia articles. This leap in usability turned the Internet from an academic curiosity into the dominant media and communication infrastructure of our time. The Web, initially a medium for scientific publishing and collaboration, made publishing online vastly easier by allowing users to embed images within text and to provide easy-to-follow links between different documents. It’s a history that finds the Internet’s roots in the US Defense Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency, which financed those interface message processors, and that emphasizes the importance of academic computing in the 1970s and 1980s, before a commercial boom aided by Sir Tim Berners-Lee’s creation of the World Wide Web in 1989. The usual history of the Internet begins with this diagram. Those four machines, the dedicated long-distance phone lines connecting them to one another, and the “interface message processors”-computers dedicated to the task of routing information across the network-represented the entirety of the Internet in 1969. The circles represent four institutions- UC Santa Barbara, UCLA, the University of Utah, and the Stanford Research Institute-while the boxes represent giant mainframe computers on their campuses.
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It was drawn in December 1969 and features four circles, four boxes, and four lines. There’s a diagram of the Internet that I show my students every semester. The welcome screen, created by Jim Lane, for ‘The Antenna Farm,’ a bulletin-board system (BBS) run by the early BBS designer Ben Thornton